{
 "jurisdiction_id": "LI",
 "jurisdiction": "Liechtenstein",
 "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/liechtenstein/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-17",
 "schema_version": "crypto-v2.0.0",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 7,
  "sourced_findings": 26,
  "source_register": 15
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "crypto_licensing",
   "name": "Crypto Licensing",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/liechtenstein/#crypto-licensing-crypto-licensing",
   "standing_position": "Liechtenstein operates a dual-layer licensing architecture: the national Token and Trusted Technology Service Provider Act (TVTG / 'Blockchain Act'), in force since January 2020, and — since Liechtenstein is an EEA-EFTA state incorporating MiCA into the EEA Agreement — the EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), for which the Financial Market Authority (FMA) Liechtenstein is the designated national competent authority covering all crypto-asset service categories. The MiCA transitional/grandfathering regime for pre-existing national-law providers expired EEA-wide on 1 July 2026, after which unauthorised providers must cease crypto-asset services. TVTG registration alone was historically non-passportable outside Liechtenstein; MiCA authorisation now supplies EEA-wide passporting.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "token_classification",
   "name": "Token Classification",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/liechtenstein/#token-classification-token-classification",
   "standing_position": "As an EEA state, Liechtenstein applies MiCA's tripartite classification (e-money tokens, asset-referenced tokens, and 'other' crypto-assets including utility tokens) under FMA supervision. Liechtenstein's own TVTG pre-dates MiCA and uses a distinct token/rights-based ('token container') model; the precise interaction and residual scope of TVTG-specific classification alongside MiCA categories was not fully confirmed against primary legal text in this pass and requires escalation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "on_chain_activity_regime",
   "name": "On-Chain Activity Regime",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/liechtenstein/#on-chain-activity-regime-on-chain-activity-regime",
   "standing_position": "Institutional on-chain activity — staking, custody, and validation/node infrastructure — is operative in Liechtenstein through FMA-licensed entities (e.g. Bitcoin Suisse Europe AG) and public-private blockchain infrastructure projects (LTIN). DeFi-specific national treatment is not separately codified; EU/EEA-level EBA/ESMA analysis of DeFi risk applies as background context, but direct LI authorisation triggers for DeFi lending/DEX activity were not confirmed against primary sources in this pass.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "stablecoin_regime",
   "name": "Stablecoin Regime",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/liechtenstein/#stablecoin-regime-stablecoin-regime",
   "standing_position": "MiCA Titles III (ARTs) and IV (EMTs) apply in Liechtenstein via EEA incorporation, with FMA as competent authority. Issuance requires authorisation, issuers face reserve/reporting obligations, and the EBA can classify tokens as 'significant', assuming direct supervisory oversight in place of the national authority.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "consumer_protection",
   "name": "Consumer Protection",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/liechtenstein/#consumer-protection-consumer-protection",
   "standing_position": "FMA Liechtenstein has confirmed compliance with ESMA guidelines on crypto-asset transfer service client rights under MiCA, and MiCA's general transparency/disclosure and market-integrity provisions apply in Liechtenstein through FMA supervision. Custody-segregation and suitability/appropriateness specifics for LI were not independently confirmed against primary sources in this pass.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "tax_treatment",
   "name": "Tax Treatment",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/liechtenstein/#tax-treatment-tax-treatment",
   "standing_position": "Liechtenstein-specific primary tax guidance on capital gains, income tax and VAT/GST treatment of crypto-assets for private individuals and businesses was not located or confirmed via primary source (Steuerverwaltung Liechtenstein) in this research pass; this is flagged for escalation. Independently confirmed: Liechtenstein is among the jurisdictions that engaged with the OECD's extension of automatic-exchange reporting frameworks (CRS/CARF) to crypto-assets.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "cross_border_transfer",
   "name": "Cross-Border Transfer",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/liechtenstein/#cross-border-transfer-cross-border-transfer",
   "standing_position": "MiCA-authorised CASPs, including those licensed by Liechtenstein's FMA, benefit from EEA-wide passporting (EU-27 plus Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein), removing the need for separate national authorisation to serve clients across the bloc. EU Travel Rule (Transfer of Funds Regulation) implementation specifics and sanctions-nexus treatment specific to Liechtenstein were not independently confirmed in this pass.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}