{
 "jurisdiction_id": "RO",
 "jurisdiction": "Romania",
 "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/romania/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-17",
 "schema_version": "crypto-v2.0.0",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 8,
  "sourced_findings": 23,
  "source_register": 12
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "crypto_licensing",
   "name": "Crypto Licensing",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/romania/#crypto-licensing-crypto-licensing",
   "standing_position": "Romania is bound directly by MiCA (Regulation (EU) 2023/1114) as an EU Member State, but national implementing measures designating the domestic competent authority and sanctioning regime lagged the EU-wide MiCA CASP licensing deadline of 30 December 2024. ESMA's competent-authority notification list carried Romania's entries as 'to be announced' (TBA) as of December 2024, and by the time the EU-wide MiCA transitional period expired on 1 July 2026, Romania was among the Member States (with Greece, Hungary, Poland, Portugal) still showing zero authorised CASPs in ESMA's interim MiCA register.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "token_classification",
   "name": "Token Classification",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/romania/#token-classification-token-classification",
   "standing_position": "MiCA's own-force definitions (asset-referenced tokens, e-money tokens, and other crypto-assets) apply directly and uniformly in Romania as in all EU Member States without need for national transposition, since MiCA is a Regulation rather than a Directive. Domestic classification practice for edge cases (e.g., NFTs, hybrid tokens) is guided by EU-level ESMA convergence tools rather than confirmed Romanian-specific rulings.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "on_chain_activity_regime",
   "name": "On-Chain Activity Regime",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/romania/#on-chain-activity-regime-on-chain-activity-regime",
   "standing_position": "No Romania-specific legislation dedicated to staking, DeFi lending, DEX operation, mining, node operation, validator activity, or tokenization has been identified. These activities are addressed only indirectly through MiCA's CASP-licensing perimeter and the EU-level Article 142 MiCA review of DeFi, which found DeFi to remain a niche phenomenon not yet subject to dedicated EU or Romanian regulation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "stablecoin_regime",
   "name": "Stablecoin Regime",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/romania/#stablecoin-regime-stablecoin-regime",
   "standing_position": "MiCA Titles III and IV — governing asset-referenced tokens (ARTs) and e-money tokens (EMTs) — apply directly and have applied EU-wide, including in Romania, since 30 June 2024, ahead of the general CASP licensing deadline. Issuance authorisation, redemption rights, reserve backing and disclosure obligations attach at the EU level; the Romanian national authority responsible for domestic ART/EMT issuer supervision has not been confirmed as formally designated to ESMA as of the research date.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "consumer_protection",
   "name": "Consumer Protection",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/romania/#consumer-protection-consumer-protection",
   "standing_position": "MiCA imposes uniform EU-wide consumer-protection obligations on CASPs and token issuers — fair/clear/non-misleading marketing, client asset segregation, complaint-handling and conflict-of-interest procedures — directly applicable in Romania. However, with no CASP yet authorised domestically and the national competent authority unconfirmed, practical supervisory enforcement of these protections inside Romania remains unverified.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "tax_treatment",
   "name": "Tax Treatment",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/romania/#tax-treatment-tax-treatment",
   "standing_position": "Romania enacted national legislation transposing the OECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) and EU DAC8 obligations into its Fiscal Procedure Code, published in Monitorul Oficial Partea I, Nr. 1146 of 10 December 2025, creating 'Reporting Crypto-Asset Service Provider' due-diligence and reporting duties to ANAF ahead of Romania's committed first CARF information exchange in January 2027. Romania's pre-existing income-tax treatment of individual crypto-asset gains under the Fiscal Code (Legea nr. 227/2015) continues to apply, but a specific confirmed current rate/threshold was not independently verified during this research pass and requires primary-source escalation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "cross_border_transfer",
   "name": "Cross-Border Transfer",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/romania/#cross-border-transfer-cross-border-transfer",
   "standing_position": "EU Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 on information accompanying transfers of funds and crypto-assets (the crypto 'travel rule') applies directly in Romania, and Romania's national measures implementing its crypto-asset transfer information requirements entered into force on 13 March 2025, per FATF follow-up reporting. No Romania-specific outbound capital-control restriction on crypto-assets was identified.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "aml_cft_regime",
   "name": "AML/CFT Regime",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/romania/#aml-cft-regime-aml-cft-regime",
   "standing_position": "Crypto AML/CFT obligations are governed at the fleet level by the shared FIM aml_ctf module; this baseline does not duplicate AML/CFT findings. For disambiguation only: Romania transposed the EU crypto-asset transfer ('travel rule') information requirements under Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 into national law, with those requirements entering into force on 13 March 2025 per FATF follow-up reporting — captured here purely as disambiguation context.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": null,
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}