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AG
AGschema crypto-v2.0.0trajectory: not yet assessedregulatedoverlaps: FIM
Last updated · 8 categories · 21 sourced
findings · 16 sources in the cumulative register
8Categoriesbaseline.
21Findings.claims[]
0Tier-1 sourcesrun_metadata.t1_source_count
Confidence mix(sums to 8 rendered categories; click to filter)
No categories moved this cycle.
Jurisdiction lead brief
Standing brief, as of 18 October 2026.
Lead Signal
Antigua and Barbuda's stablecoin and digital-money posture moved on two distinct fronts this cycle. The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank's Monetary Council, at its 112th meeting on 13 February 2026, approved suspension of DCash 2.0 development, the successor project to the currency union's original CBDC pilot, redirecting priority to the Fast Payment System and CARICOM Payments and Settlement System pilot. Separately, the Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information (Amendment) Bill, 2026 extends the Common Reporting Standard depository-account definition to capture accounts holding central bank digital currencies and specified electronic-money products, a tax-reporting-scope change rather than a prudential stablecoin rule.
Neither development establishes a prudential issuance, reserve, or redemption regime for stablecoins in the jurisdiction; both concern, respectively, the regional central bank's own CBDC infrastructure priorities and the tax-transparency obligations of reporting financial institutions holding CBDC- or e-money-linked accounts on behalf of customers.
Other Developments
The CRS/AEOI reporting-scope extension also reaches the tax-treatment domain directly. The same AEOI (Amendment) Bill, 2026 that broadens the depository-account definition for digital-money accounts simultaneously imposes new reporting obligations on reporting financial institutions, ahead of a possible 2027 international compliance evaluation. No crypto-specific tax-liability rule, such as a capital-gains or income-tax treatment specific to digital assets, was located this cycle; the development found is confined to the reporting obligation itself.
Cross-Monitor Connections
The CBDC project-prioritisation decision by the ECCB and the CRS reporting-scope extension both touch the broader financial-integrity and payments-regulation pictures for Antigua and Barbuda: the former is a central-bank infrastructure decision with payments-system implications, while the latter is a tax-transparency development with implications for AML/CFT-adjacent reporting regimes. Neither finding this cycle bears on crypto licensing, token classification, on-chain activity, consumer protection, cross-border transfer, or commercial activity, each of which returned no sourced finding this cycle and is not addressed here.
Outlook
Whether the CRS/AEOI amendment's legal effective date is confirmed via Gazette publication, and whether any crypto-specific tax-liability rule follows the reporting-scope extension, remain open questions. The ECCB's redirection of CBDC development toward the Fast Payment System and CAPSS pilot is a structural shift in the currency union's digital-money infrastructure priorities whose downstream effect on Antigua and Barbuda's own stablecoin or CBDC exposure is worth tracking as the picture develops.
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Antigua and Barbuda regulates virtual/digital-asset businesses under the Digital Assets Business Act (DABA), administered by the Financial Services Regulatory Commission (FSRC), the single financial-sector regulator established under the FSRC Act 2013. Section 6(1) DABA makes licensing mandatory for all persons carrying on a digital assets business, and the FSRC may grant or revoke licences on a fit-and-proper basis. No seed anchors were supplied for this JID and the full DABA statutory text / FSRC rulebook (fees, licence classes, prudential capital, transitional/grandfathering provisions) could not be retrieved in this pass via secondary sources (CFATF mutual-evaluation documents); these gaps are flagged for primary-source escalation.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
no periodic updates on record for this sub-brief
Sources and findings (7)
T2 · Caribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATFCaribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATF — DABA s.6(1): all persons carrying on a digital assets business in or from Antigua and Barbuda must comply with licensing requirements administered by the FSRC.retrieved M5bindingin forceour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
T2 · Caribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATFCaribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATF — DABA empowers the FSRC to grant or revoke a digital-assets-business licence on a fit-and-proper basis; any person who is, or is about to become, a controller of a licensed undertaking is subject to a fit-and-proper determination by the FSRC.retrieved M4bindingin forceour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
T2 · Caribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATFCaribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATF — DABA s.27(5): an operator must provide the FSRC with documents/information required to make a fit-and-proper determination; failure to do so is a statutory offence.retrieved M4bindingin forceour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
T2 · Caribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATFCaribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATF — Money Laundering Prevention Regulations (MLPR) amendments give the Supervisory Authority graduated sanction powers over regulated/licensed entities (including VASPs under DABA), ranging from a written warning up to revocation of registration or recommendation for licence revocation, with a penalty not exceeding EC$15,000 for each repeated breach.retrieved M3bindingin forceour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
T2 · Caribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATFCaribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATF — No minimum own-funds, initial capital, or insurance-in-lieu requirement for DABA licensees (by service class) could be located from available secondary sources in this pass.retrieved M3non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
T2 · Caribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATFCaribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATF — No transitional or grandfathering period (with an exact end date and governing instrument) for pre-existing digital-asset operators ahead of DABA licensing could be located.retrieved M3non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No FSRC public enforcement register entry or named crypto-firm enforcement action (authority, firm, date, amount, provision breached) was located for the current recency window.M2non-bindinga fact about the jurisdiction
No DABA provision distinguishing token sub-categories (security token, e-money token, asset-referenced token, utility token, stablecoin, NFT) was located; the Act appears to regulate 'digital assets business' activity broadly, consistent with the FATF Recommendation 15 VASP definition that Antigua and Barbuda has incorporated into its AML/CFT and licensing framework for the sector.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
no periodic updates on record for this sub-brief
Sources and findings (1)
T2 · Caribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATFCaribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATF — DABA regulates 'digital assets business' (VASP-type exchange, transfer, custody and administration activity) without an apparent statutory sub-taxonomy of token types; Antigua and Barbuda's VASP sector risk assessment referenced in CFATF follow-up reporting likewise treats the sector undifferentiated by token type.retrieved M3non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No AG-specific statutory treatment of staking, DeFi lending, DEX operation, mining, node operation, validator activity, or tokenization was located in this pass. DABA's general 'digital assets business' licensing perimeter may capture some of these activities as a matter of interpretation, but no confirmed primary-source guidance was found.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
no periodic updates on record for this sub-brief
Sources and findings (2)
No specific statutory or regulatory treatment of crypto-asset mining was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M2non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No specific statutory or regulatory treatment of staking services was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M2non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No dedicated stablecoin-specific statutory framework (distinct issuance authorisation, reserve/backing-asset rules, redemption rights, systemic designation) was located for Antigua and Barbuda. A stablecoin issuer or service provider would most likely fall within DABA's general 'digital assets business' licensing perimeter, but this has not been confirmed against primary text.
Standing sub-brief · as of 18 October 2026357 words · last cycle 2026-10-18
Stablecoin Regime
Antigua and Barbuda does not have a prudential stablecoin issuance, reserve, or redemption framework identified this cycle; the two developments found both touch digital money without establishing such a regime. The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank's Monetary Council, at its 112th meeting on 13 February 2026, approved suspension of DCash 2.0 development, the planned successor to the currency union's original CBDC pilot, in favour of prioritising the Fast Payment System and CARICOM Payments and Settlement System pilot. This is a T1-sourced central-bank record of a project-prioritisation decision across the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union, of which Antigua and Barbuda is a member, rather than a jurisdiction-specific rule.
Separately, the Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information (Amendment) Bill, 2026 extends the CRS depository-account definition to cover accounts holding central bank digital currencies and specified electronic-money products. This is a tax-transparency reporting-scope change: reporting financial institutions will need to identify and report CBDC- and e-money-linked accounts for CRS exchange purposes ahead of a possible 2027 international compliance evaluation. The obligation falls on the institutions holding such accounts, not on issuers of the underlying digital-money products, and no statutory penalty figure or confirmed legal effective date has yet been located, pending Gazette text.
Read together, the two developments describe divergent trajectories: the currency union's own CBDC infrastructure ambitions are being scaled back, while the national tax-reporting perimeter for CBDC- and e-money-linked accounts is simultaneously being widened. The underlying Digital Assets Business Act, 2020, administered by the Financial Services Regulatory Commission, remains the general licensing instrument for digital-asset businesses in Antigua and Barbuda, but no stablecoin-specific provision within that Act was examined or confirmed this cycle.
Outlook
Confirmation of the AEOI amendment's legal effective date, via Gazette publication, would resolve the remaining uncertainty about when the extended CRS reporting obligation for CBDC and e-money accounts takes effect. Separately, whether the ECCB's redirection of CBDC development toward the Fast Payment System and CAPSS pilot results in a revised or future CBDC framework bearing on Antigua and Barbuda, or whether DCash-style CBDC development is abandoned altogether in favour of the Fast Payment System, is a trajectory worth tracking independently of the tax-reporting change.
no periodic updates on record for this sub-brief
Sources and findings (1)
T2 · Caribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATFCaribbean Financial Action Task Force / FATF — No dedicated stablecoin issuance-authorisation regime distinct from general DABA digital-assets-business licensing was located for Antigua and Barbuda.retrieved M3non-bindinga fact about the regime
Beyond the FSRC's general fit-and-proper licensing gatekeeping under DABA, no crypto-specific custody/segregation rules, marketing/promotion rules, market-abuse regime, order-handling/conflicts rules, or complaint-handling/compensation-scheme provisions were located for Antigua and Barbuda in this pass.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
no periodic updates on record for this sub-brief
Sources and findings (5)
No DABA or FSRC rule specifying segregation of client digital assets from a licensee's own assets, treatment on insolvency, or a custodian liability cap was located.M4non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No crypto-specific market-abuse regime (insider dealing, unlawful disclosure, market manipulation prohibitions) was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M3non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No best-execution, inducement, or conflicts-of-interest rule specific to digital-asset order handling was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M3non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No complaint-handling procedure, response-deadline rule, or ombudsman/compensation-scheme access specific to digital-asset clients was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M3non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No crypto-promotion/advertising-specific rule (approver regime, risk-warning or cooling-off requirement) was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M2non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No crypto-specific tax instrument (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, reporting obligation) administered by the Inland Revenue Department was located for Antigua and Barbuda in this pass. Secondary commentary commonly describes Antigua and Barbuda as not levying personal income tax or a general capital-gains tax, but this could not be confirmed against a primary Inland Revenue instrument within this run and is not asserted as a claim without that confirmation.
Standing sub-brief · as of 11 October 2026452 words · last cycle 2026-10-18
Tax Treatment
Antigua and Barbuda's crypto-asset tax-reporting landscape is in active transition this cycle, driven by the tabled Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information (Amendment) Bill 2026. The bill proposes to update the scope of the jurisdiction's Common Reporting Standard, CRS, framework to implement the OECD's Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework, CARF, which covers automatic exchange of crypto-asset transaction information between tax administrations. The evidentiary basis for this development is probable-confidence, resting on a single T3 trade-press report; the bill's own statutory text has not been retrieved this cycle, so the precise scope of covered transactions, reporting entities, and effective dates cannot yet be confirmed against primary legislative language.
This tabled bill is not Antigua and Barbuda's first move in this area. It follows two AEOI amendment Acts enacted in 2025 that had already widened CRS scope prior to this bill, suggesting a multi-year, incremental pattern of legislative expansion of the jurisdiction's automatic-exchange architecture rather than a single discrete reform. Read in that light, the 2026 bill's crypto-asset focus represents the natural next increment in a sequence that has already been underway, extending the automatic-exchange net to cover a category of assets, crypto, that has historically sat outside CRS-style reporting frameworks in many jurisdictions even where conventional financial-account reporting was well established.
If enacted as currently understood, the bill would create reporting duties running from crypto-asset service providers, potentially including those licensed under the Digital Assets Business Act 2020 and registered with the FSRC, to Antigua and Barbuda's tax authority, for subsequent automatic exchange of crypto-asset transaction information with CRS/CARF treaty partners. This would represent a meaningful new compliance obligation layered on top of the existing DABA licensing framework, though the precise interaction between DABA licensing categories and the proposed CARF reporting duty has not been clarified in the sourced material this cycle.
No primary statutory text, Gazette publication, or Hansard record of the bill's tabling or progress was retrieved this cycle; the development rests entirely on secondary trade-press reporting. This is a genuine sourcing gap rather than a substantive uncertainty about whether the bill exists, and it should be read as such.
Outlook
The bill's passage through the Antigua and Barbuda Parliament is the single most important variable to track for this module going forward. Antigua and Barbuda's tabling is broadly consistent with, rather than ahead of, the general pace among AEOI-participating jurisdictions moving toward the OECD's indicative 2027 first-exchange timetable for CARF implementation, so neither acceleration nor delay relative to that international benchmark can currently be assessed with confidence. Retrieval of the bill's primary text, once available, would allow a substantial upgrade in the precision of this assessment, including clarification of which FSRC-licensed digital-asset business categories fall within the proposed reporting duty.
Periodic update · new data 2026-10-18
Tax Treatment
The only tax-treatment development identified for Antigua and Barbuda this cycle is the Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information (Amendment) Bill, 2026, which extends CRS reporting obligations to accounts holding central bank digital currencies and specified electronic-money products. This is a reporting-scope extension under the Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information Act 2016, as amended, rather than a crypto-specific tax-liability rule: no provision addressing capital-gains treatment, income-tax characterisation, or any other direct tax liability arising from digital-asset transactions was located this cycle. The obligation that has been sourced is confined to identifying and reporting CBDC- and e-money-linked accounts for CRS exchange-of-information purposes, falling on reporting financial institutions rather than on individual or corporate taxpayers directly.
The development is sourced from convergent T2/T3 press coverage of parliamentary proceedings; no Gazette text or final Act citation number has yet been located, so the legal effective date for the amended reporting obligation remains unconfirmed. The timing appears linked to a possible 2027 international compliance evaluation, suggesting the amendment is intended to be operative ahead of that window, though this inference rests on the proximity of the dates rather than on a stated commencement provision within the bill itself.
No other tax-treatment finding, such as a value-added tax or transaction-tax rule applicable to digital-asset dealing, was located for Antigua and Barbuda this cycle.
Outlook
The principal open question for tax treatment is whether a Gazette-published effective date for the AEOI amendment emerges, which would allow confirmation of exactly when reporting financial institutions must begin applying the broadened depository-account definition. Whether any separate crypto-specific tax-liability rule, addressing the direct tax treatment of digital-asset gains or income, is introduced alongside or following this reporting-scope change is also worth tracking, though no such development has been found as of this cycle.
Sources and findings (3)
No confirmed primary-source rule on capital-gains tax treatment of digital-asset disposals was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M3non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No confirmed primary-source rule on income-tax treatment of digital-asset-derived income (e.g., staking, mining, trading as a business) was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M3non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No confirmed primary-source rule on VAT/ABST (Antigua and Barbuda Sales Tax) treatment of digital-asset-business services was located.M2non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No digital-asset-specific outbound restriction, sanctions-nexus rule, reporting threshold, or cross-border travel-rule provision distinct from the general AML/CFT framework (excluded here per FIM subscription) was located for Antigua and Barbuda.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
no periodic updates on record for this sub-brief
Sources and findings (2)
No digital-asset-specific cross-border reporting threshold distinct from general AML/CFT suspicious-transaction reporting was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M2non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
No digital-asset-specific outbound capital restriction was located for Antigua and Barbuda.M2non-bindingour coverage gap, expected to resolve on a re-run
Crypto consumer subscribes to the FIM aml_ctf baseline; AML/CFT claims (kyc_cdd, travel_rule, sar_str_reporting, sanctions_screening, record_keeping, risk_assessment) are intentionally excluded from this crypto baseline per module-subscription policy. For disambiguation context only: VASPs are included in the First Schedule of the Money Laundering Prevention Act (MLPA) and are bound by the same AML/CFT obligations as financial institutions, supervised jointly by the FSRC and the Office of National Drug and Money Laundering Control Policy (ONDCP).
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
no periodic updates on record for this sub-brief
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0
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Envelope: baseline resolved at jurisdiction_json.baseline; 8 module(s), 21 finding(s), 16 source(s) in the cumulative register.
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Machine checkChallenged on 6 Oct 2026: nothing tested (no claim on this page was eligible for an automated test). An automated, adversarial test run by a second model; no person has assessed the result.