Kazakhstan operates a bifurcated licensing regime. Nationwide (mainland), the Law on Digital Assets prohibits the issuance, circulation, and exchange-trading of 'unsecured digital assets' outside the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC). Within the AIFC, digital asset exchanges and custody providers must obtain a license from the Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA) under the AIFC's Digital Asset Trading Facilities (DATF) framework, which operates under an independent English-law-based legal system. Crypto miners are separately licensed/registered nationally through the Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Aerospace Industry (MDDIAI), with two categories depending on whether they own infrastructure or host equipment.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
No periodic updates recorded against this sub-brief.
Kazakh law draws a binary statutory distinction between 'secured' digital assets (backed by an underlying asset/issuer obligation) and 'unsecured' digital assets (e.g., typical cryptocurrencies such as BTC), the latter being subject to the AIFC-only circulation restriction. Within the AIFC, AFSA additionally operates a criteria-based token approval ('green list') process determining which digital assets may be traded on licensed exchanges. No formal MiCA-style multi-category taxonomy (security/e-money/asset-referenced/utility token) has been identified in available reporting.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
No periodic updates recorded against this sub-brief.
Mining is by far the most heavily regulated on-chain activity in Kazakhstan given the country's historical role as a major Bitcoin hash-rate hub. Miners are licensed, taxed on a sliding per-kWh electricity-consumption scale, restricted to drawing grid power only during surplus periods via the state operator KOREM, and (per 2023 amendments) obliged to sell an increasing share of mined coins through AIFC-licensed exchanges. Staking, DeFi lending, DEX, node operation, validator, and tokenization activities have no dedicated statutory regime identified in current reporting.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
No periodic updates recorded against this sub-brief.
Kazakhstan has not enacted a dedicated stablecoin-specific issuance, reserve, redemption, or systemic-designation framework comparable to MiCA's ART/EMT regime. The AIFC/AFSA DATF framework governs digital asset trading generally but does not appear to separately authorise stablecoin issuance. Separately, the National Bank of Kazakhstan has been piloting a retail central bank digital currency ('digital tenge'), which is a sovereign CBDC initiative distinct from privately-issued stablecoins and therefore outside this module's scope.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
No periodic updates recorded against this sub-brief.
AFSA has progressively proposed consumer-protection measures for AIFC-licensed digital asset exchanges in the wake of the FTX collapse, including customer-asset segregation, liquidity-risk checks, disclosure, and arbitrage-risk controls, alongside separate consultation on operational resilience. Outside the AIFC carve-out, retail consumer protection is limited in practice because unsecured digital-asset circulation itself is prohibited nationally.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
No periodic updates recorded against this sub-brief.
Kazakhstan's confirmed crypto-tax exposure centers on mining: a sliding electricity-consumption levy (1–25 tenge/kWh depending on the price miners pay for power) plus mandatory corporate tax on mining income, with prior special-economic-zone tax preferences withdrawn by 2022–2023 amendments. Comprehensive individual capital-gains/income-tax and VAT treatment of ordinary crypto trading by retail investors has not been clearly confirmed in available reporting and requires primary-source verification (e.g. Kazakhstan Tax Code / Adilet legal database).
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
No periodic updates recorded against this sub-brief.
The clearest cross-border-adjacent control identified is the Travel Rule obligation imposed on AIFC-licensed VASPs as part of AFSA's regulatory-sandbox exit checklist, which must be embedded within a VASP's AML/CFT policies and systems before a full license is granted. National-level outbound restrictions, sanctions-nexus rules, and cross-border reporting thresholds specific to digital assets have not been separately confirmed in available sourcing beyond the general mainland prohibition on unsecured digital-asset circulation (captured under crypto_licensing).
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
No periodic updates recorded against this sub-brief.
AML/CFT obligations applicable to Kazakhstan digital-asset activity are governed under the fleet's shared Financial Integrity Module (FIM) aml_ctf baseline; this crypto consumer baseline does not duplicate AML/CFT claims. For disambiguation only: AIFC-licensed VASPs undergo AFSA regulatory-sandbox review of AML/CFT programs (including Travel Rule implementation) before receiving a full license, while mainland digital-asset platforms notify the Ministry of Digital Development and are subject to financial monitoring by Kazakhstan's Agency for Financial Monitoring under the 2021 AML law.
Absence reason not determinableNo sub-brief exists and the JID records no gap or review marker explaining why. The renderer will not invent a reason.
No periodic updates recorded against this sub-brief.
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