Cryptoassets Regulatory Intelligence · Cross-Jurisdiction Domain Hub
Crypto tax treatment
Jurisdiction Readings (170 markets)
21 clear/open
113 conditional/active
36 restricted/elevated
| Jurisdiction | Region | Status | Regulatory Summary | Actions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| African bloc (AFR) | Africa | Amber | There is no AU-wide tax directive or treaty governing capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting obligations on crypto-asset transactions. Taxation of virtual assets is determined… | Profile →Brief |
| Alabama, USA (US-AL) | Americas | Amber | Alabama follows the federal characterisation of crypto assets as property for tax purposes (per IRS guidance derived from Notice 2014-21), meaning gains/losses on disposal are subject to capital… | Profile →Brief |
| Alaska, USA (US-AK) | Americas | Green | No Alaska-specific crypto tax statute exists. Alaska levies no state individual income tax, so crypto-related income and capital-gains taxation exposure for individuals is governed exclusively at the… | Profile →Brief |
| Alberta, Canada (CA-AB) | Americas | Amber | The CRA taxes crypto-assets as property/commodity, with dispositions generating capital gains or business income depending on facts, and treats crypto-for-goods/services exchanges under… | Profile →Brief |
| Algeria (DZ) | Africa | Red | No crypto-specific tax treatment (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, reporting obligation) has been identified for Algeria, consistent with the general prohibition on virtual-currency… | Profile →Brief |
| Antigua and Barbuda (AG) | Caribbean | Red | No crypto-specific tax instrument (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, reporting obligation) administered by the Inland Revenue Department was located for Antigua and Barbuda in this… | Profile →Brief |
| Argentina (AR) | Americas | Amber | Crypto-asset gains realized by Argentine tax residents fall under the amended Impuesto a las Ganancias (income tax) regime covering 'monedas digitales,' and crypto holdings are includible in the… | Profile →Brief |
| Arizona, USA (US-AZ) | Americas | Amber | Arizona's 2018 legislative effort (SB 1091) to allow direct cryptocurrency payment of state tax liabilities was stripped of all crypto-specific language before final enactment; no operative Arizona… | Profile →Brief |
| Arkansas, USA (US-AR) | Americas | Amber | Arkansas is presumed to substantially conform to federal income-tax treatment of digital assets as property, such that dispositions attract capital-gains treatment and mining/staking receipts attract… | Profile →Brief |
| Asia-Pacific bloc (APAC) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | No unified APAC crypto tax treatment was located; APG typology material and BIS financial-stability papers do not address tax. The only located tax-relevant development is Japan's pending… | Profile →Brief |
| Australia (AU) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | The Australian Taxation Office treats cryptocurrency as property/a CGT asset rather than money or foreign currency, requiring capital gains/losses to be reported on disposal, with data-matching… | Profile →Brief |
| Austria (AT) | Europe | Amber | Since Austria's 2022 tax reform, cryptocurrency capital gains are taxed at the flat 27.5% rate applied to other capital assets such as stocks and bonds, ending prior disparity between crypto and… | Profile →Brief |
| Bangladesh (BD) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | No dedicated crypto tax legislation or verifiable primary NBR ruling on the tax treatment of cryptocurrency income or gains was located in this pass. General income-tax principles under Bangladesh's… | Profile →Brief |
| Belgium (BE) | Europe | Amber | Belgium's tax administration (FPS Finance) has historically treated bitcoin trading transactions as exempt from VAT under Article 44 of the Belgian VAT Code, consistent with the EU-wide CJEU approach… | Profile →Brief |
| Belize (BZ) | Americas | Amber | No crypto-specific tax statute (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting obligation) was identified for Belize in this research pass. Belize's general tax regime is oriented… | Profile →Brief |
| Brazil (BR) | Americas | Amber | Individuals' crypto gains are taxed under Provisional Measure 1303/2025 at a flat 17.5% rate on all profits, replacing the prior R$35,000/month exemption and progressive rates up to 22.5%; loss… | Profile →Brief |
| British Columbia, Canada (CA-BC) | Americas | Amber | The CRA (Canada's federal tax authority, applicable in BC) applies existing Income Tax Act concepts to crypto rather than crypto-specific statutory rules: barter-transaction rules apply when crypto… | Profile →Brief |
| Bulgaria (BG) | Europe | Amber | Bulgaria has no crypto-specific tax code; digital-asset gains are absorbed into the general flat-rate personal/corporate income tax system based on 2014 National Revenue Agency (NRA) administrative… | Profile →Brief |
| Cambodia (KH) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | No crypto-specific tax guidance (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting obligation) was identified for Cambodia during this research pass. Cambodia's general Law on Taxation… | Profile →Brief |
| Cameroon (CM) | Africa | Red | No crypto-specific tax guidance (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting obligation) issued by Cameroon's Direction Générale des Impôts (under MINFI) was identified. General tax… | Profile →Brief |
| Canada (CA) | Americas | Amber | The CRA taxes crypto activity under ordinary Income Tax Act principles (barter-transaction/commodity treatment), applying capital gains or business income depending on the nature of the activity, but… | Profile →Brief |
| Canada — Kahnawake (CA-KAH) | Americas | Amber | <cite index="101-1">Crypto assets are treated as 'property' in Canada for tax purposes, meaning investors owe tax to the CRA in certain situations.</cite> Foundational CRA guidance dates to 2013 and… | Profile →Brief |
| Canada — Tobique First Nation (CA-TFN) | Americas | Amber | The federal Income Tax Act governs crypto taxation uniformly across Canada, including on-reserve; CRA treats cryptocurrency as a commodity/property, producing business income (for mining/trading… | Profile →Brief |
| Chile (CL) | Americas | Amber | No Chile-specific crypto tax circular or ruling (e.g., a Servicio de Impuestos Internos administrative interpretation on crypto capital gains, income characterization, VAT/IVA, or reporting… | Profile →Brief |
| China (CN) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | No dedicated crypto-specific tax framework (capital gains, income, VAT/GST, withholding or reporting) was identified for mainland China in this research pass. Given the blanket prohibition on crypto… | Profile →Brief |
| Colombia (CO) | Americas | Amber | Colombia's tax authority (DIAN) introduced a mandatory third-party reporting regime for crypto exchanges and intermediaries via Resolution 000240 (24 December 2025), aligned with the OECD's… | Profile →Brief |
| Colorado, USA (US-CO) | Americas | Amber | Colorado is one of a small number of U.S. states that formally accepts cryptocurrency for state payments. Since September 2022, the Colorado Department of Revenue has accepted crypto payments (via a… | Profile →Brief |
| Comoros (KM) | Africa | Red | No crypto-specific tax guidance (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding or reporting obligation) was located for Comoros in this research pass. This is a distinct gap from the AML/VA-regime… | Profile →Brief |
| Comoros — Anjouan (KM-A) | Africa | Amber | No crypto-specific tax guidance (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting obligations) has been located for the Union of the Comoros or Anjouan. This research pass did not… | Profile →Brief |
| Comoros — Mohéli (KM-M) | Africa | Red | No crypto-specific tax treatment (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting obligation) has been identified for the Union of the Comoros or Mohéli. | Profile →Brief |
| Connecticut, USA (US-CT) | Americas | Amber | Connecticut applies no crypto-specific state tax statute; federal tax treatment (IRS: crypto as property) sets the baseline that flows through to Connecticut's federally conformed income tax base.… | Profile →Brief |
| Costa Rica (CR) | Americas | Amber | Costa Rica has no dedicated crypto-asset tax statute. In an August 2023 private letter ruling, the Ministry of Hacienda (tax authority) determined that cryptocurrencies are 'virtual assets' for tax… | Profile →Brief |
| Croatia (HR) | Europe | Amber | Croatia, as an EU Member State, is bound by DAC8 (the directive amending Directive 2011/16/EU on administrative cooperation) requiring crypto-asset service providers to report user and transaction… | Profile →Brief |
| Curaçao (CW) | Caribbean | Green | The Cayman Islands maintains a general zero direct-taxation regime applicable to all entities, including crypto asset businesses: no tax on income, capital gains, or dividend withholding. No… | Profile →Brief |
| Cyprus (CY) | Europe | Amber | No CY-specific Inland Revenue Department circular or CySEC/Ministry of Finance guidance on the taxation of crypto-asset gains, income, or VAT treatment was located in this research pass. Cyprus's… | Profile →Brief |
| Czech Republic (CZ) | Europe | Amber | The Czech Republic enacted a personal capital-gains tax exemption for crypto-assets held over three years, paired with a CZK 100,000 annual de minimis reporting threshold, effective 1 January 2025.… | Profile →Brief |
| Delaware, USA (US-DE) | Americas | Amber | No Delaware Division of Revenue guidance specific to virtual-currency tax treatment was identified in this research pass. Federal IRS treatment (crypto-assets as property, taxable gain/loss on… | Profile →Brief |
| Denmark (DK) | Europe | Amber | Denmark taxes crypto gains under existing income-tax practice (Skattestyrelsen treats speculative crypto disposals, including crypto-to-crypto trades, as taxable income requiring self-reporting)… | Profile →Brief |
| District of Columbia, USA (US-DC) | Americas | Amber | DC has not enacted crypto-specific tax legislation. Federal IRS guidance treating convertible virtual currency as property governs capital-gain/loss and income characterization, and DC's individual… | Profile →Brief |
| Dominican Republic (DO) | Americas | Amber | DGII Consulta 20-Criptomonedas (10 October 2023) is a genuine primary tax ruling confirming that gains from converting cryptoassets into pesos or other recognized liquid assets are taxable income… | Profile →Brief |
| Ecuador (EC) | Americas | Amber | Council Directive (EU) 2023/2226 (DAC8) extends the EU's mandatory automatic exchange-of-information framework to crypto-asset service providers, applying from 1 January 2026 and requiring… | Profile →Brief |
| Egypt (EG) | Africa | Red | No Egyptian Tax Authority guidance specifically addressing capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, or withholding treatment of crypto-asset transactions was identified in this research pass. Given the… | Profile →Brief |
| Estonia (EE) | Europe | Amber | Estonia taxes gains from crypto-asset disposals as ordinary income under its general (historically flat-rate) personal income tax system rather than via a separate capital-gains schedule; the… | Profile →Brief |
| European Economic Area (EEA) | Europe | Amber | Direct taxation (income tax, capital gains) of crypto-assets remains a national Member State (and, separately, national EFTA-state) competence not harmonised at EEA level. The EU has, however… | Profile →Brief |
| Finland (FI) | Europe | Amber | Finland taxes cryptocurrency disposals as capital income (pääomatulo) subject to Finland's progressive capital-income tax rates, resulting in one of the higher effective crypto tax burdens among EU… | Profile →Brief |
| Florida, USA (US-FL) | Americas | Amber | Florida imposes no state personal income tax. In March 2022, Governor DeSantis directed state agencies to prepare to accept cryptocurrency for state tax payments, but by mid-2024 reporting indicated… | Profile →Brief |
| France (FR) | Europe | Green | Following a 2018 French Council of State ruling reclassifying occasional individual crypto gains as capital gains on movable property (rather than industrial/commercial or non-commercial profits… | Profile →Brief |
| Georgia, USA (US-GA) | Americas | Amber | No enacted Georgia-specific crypto tax statute was confirmed. A 2022 Georgia bill (HB 1342) proposed exempting electricity used in commercial digital-asset mining from sales/use tax, and a separate… | Profile →Brief |
| Germany (DE) | Europe | Green | Germany taxes crypto disposals by individuals as private sale transactions (Section 23 EStG) with capital gains tax-exempt if held over one year; the German Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF)… | Profile →Brief |
| Ghana (GH) | Africa | Red | The Bank of Ghana states that forthcoming 'Supporting Regulations' under Act 1154 will set out detailed requirements for taxation of virtual-asset activity, but no Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA)… | Profile →Brief |
| Gibraltar (GI) | Europe | High | Gibraltar does not levy capital gains tax on private or corporate capital disposals, and the headline corporate income tax rate is 15% from 1 July 2024 on income accruing in or derived from… | Profile →Brief |
| Greece (GR) | Europe | Red | No dedicated Greek statute specifically taxing cryptocurrency capital gains or income has been identified as of this research pass; general Greek income tax code provisions are presumed to apply by… | Profile →Brief |
| Guernsey (GG) | Europe | Amber | Guernsey's general tax regime (no capital gains tax save for a dwellings-profit tax; 0% company standard income-tax rate; 20% individual standard rate; no confirmed withholding tax on distributions… | Profile →Brief |
| Guernsey — Alderney (GG-ALD) | Europe | Amber | Guernsey-incorporated companies, including GFSC-licensed VASPs, are generally subject to the Bailiwick's standard 0% statutory corporate tax rate under its general company-tax regime. No… | Profile →Brief |
| Hawaii, USA (US-HI) | Americas | Amber | No Hawaii Department of Taxation (DOTAX)-specific statute, form, or published guidance addressing digital-asset taxation was located in this research pass. In the absence of a dedicated state… | Profile →Brief |
| Hong Kong (HK) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | Hong Kong applies its territorial tax system to crypto: no general capital gains tax applies to gains from disposal of digital assets held as long-term investment, but profits from a trade or… | Profile →Brief |
| Hungary (HU) | Europe | Red | No Hungary-specific primary-source confirmation of the current personal income tax rate, capital-gains treatment, or VAT/GST position for crypto-asset transactions was located in this research pass.… | Profile →Brief |
| Iceland (IS) | Europe | Amber | No Tier-1 or Tier-2 primary source specific to Iceland's tax treatment of crypto-asset gains, income, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting obligations was located in this research pass. This is flagged… | Profile →Brief |
| Idaho, USA (US-ID) | Americas | Amber | Federal tax treatment of crypto as property (triggering capital gains/losses on sale or exchange) applies to Idaho residents by default, with new IRS Form 1099-DA broker reporting phasing in from the… | Profile →Brief |
| Illinois, USA (US-IL) | Americas | Red | Illinois enacted the Digital Asset Tax Act (DATA) on June 16, 2026 as part of the FY2027 budget, imposing a novel 0.2% transaction-based levy on 'digital asset business activity' distinct from income… | Profile →Brief |
| India (IN) | Asia-Pacific | Red | India taxes VDA transfer gains at a flat 30% rate under Section 115BBH of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (effective since April 2022), with no offset for losses, plus a 1% TDS under Section 194S on… | Profile →Brief |
| Indiana, USA (US-IN) | Americas | Amber | Federal tax treatment governs crypto in Indiana absent state override: the IRS treats virtual currency as property (Notice 2014-21), so dispositions generally trigger capital gains/loss treatment and… | Profile →Brief |
| Indonesia (ID) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | Indonesia significantly revised its crypto tax framework effective 1 August 2025: domestic-exchange seller income tax rose from 0.1% to 0.21%, tax on sales via foreign/overseas exchanges rose from… | Profile →Brief |
| Iowa, USA (US-IA) | Americas | Amber | No Iowa-specific crypto tax statute was identified in this pass. Iowa personal income tax generally conforms to the federal tax base, under which the IRS treats cryptocurrency as property, making… | Profile →Brief |
| Ireland (IE) | Europe | Amber | No Ireland-specific crypto tax statute was identified in this research pass; general Irish tax law (Capital Gains Tax and income tax) is understood to apply to crypto-asset disposals and… | Profile →Brief |
| Isle of Man (IM) | Europe | Green | The Isle of Man applies its general favourable tax regime to crypto activity rather than a crypto-specific tax code: no capital gains tax, no corporate tax for most businesses, and individual income… | Profile →Brief |
| Italy (IT) | Europe | Amber | Italy taxes crypto capital gains above a €2,000 threshold at a 26% substitute tax rate, in force since the 2023 tax year. A 2024 proposal to raise this rate as high as 42% (later floated at 28%) as… | Profile →Brief |
| Ivory Coast (CI) | Africa | Red | No confirmed provision of the Ivorian Code Général des Impôts (CGI) addressing crypto-asset capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding or reporting obligations was located during this research… | Profile →Brief |
| Japan (JP) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | Crypto gains in Japan are currently taxed as miscellaneous income under progressive rates reaching up to 55%, without loss carry-forward or offsetting against other income. The July 2026 FIEA/PSA… | Profile →Brief |
| Jersey (JE) | Europe | Green | Jersey's general 'zero-ten' corporate tax system applies to crypto businesses absent any crypto-specific tax statute. Companies not classified as financial-services or utility companies under the… | Profile →Brief |
| Kansas, USA (US-KS) | Americas | Amber | Kansas has no distinct state-level published guidance on digital-asset taxation identified in this pass; state income tax treatment of crypto gains presumably follows federal adjusted gross income… | Profile →Brief |
| Kazakhstan (KZ) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | Kazakhstan's confirmed crypto-tax exposure centers on mining: a sliding electricity-consumption levy (1–25 tenge/kWh depending on the price miners pay for power) plus mandatory corporate tax on… | Profile →Brief |
| Kentucky, USA (US-KY) | Americas | Amber | Kentucky has enacted targeted tax incentives for large-scale crypto mining operations (SB 255 and HB 230, both 2021) but has no confirmed bespoke individual-level crypto capital-gains or income-tax… | Profile →Brief |
| Kenya (KE) | Africa | Red | Kenya's crypto-specific tax treatment history is unsettled in available sourcing: a 2022 Capital Markets (Amendment) Bill proposed capital-gains taxation plus CMA disclosure of crypto holdings, and… | Profile →Brief |
| Laos (LA) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | The pilot framework imposes specific fee/tax obligations on licensed trading platforms (a lump-sum tax on transaction fees plus a one-off royalty fee) and per-megawatt fees on licensed miners… | Profile →Brief |
| Latin America bloc (LATAM) | Americas | Red | GAFILAT does not set tax policy; no regional capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST or withholding regime exists for virtual assets at this level. The 2025 sectoral risk assessment does, however, flag… | Profile →Brief |
| Latvia (LV) | Europe | Amber | Latvia taxes crypto-asset investment profits under the general Law on Personal Income Tax at a flat 20% rate, enforced by the State Revenue Service (VID), rather than through a bespoke crypto tax… | Profile →Brief |
| Liechtenstein (LI) | Europe | Red | Liechtenstein-specific primary tax guidance on capital gains, income tax and VAT/GST treatment of crypto-assets for private individuals and businesses was not located or confirmed via primary source… | Profile →Brief |
| Lithuania (LT) | Europe | Amber | The clearest binding EU-level instrument identified is Council Directive (EU) 2023/2226 (DAC8), extending EU tax administrative cooperation and reporting obligations to crypto-asset service… | Profile →Brief |
| Louisiana, USA (US-LA) | Americas | Red | No Louisiana-specific statutory carve-out or guidance addressing the state income tax, sales/use tax, or withholding treatment of virtual currency transactions was identified in this research pass.… | Profile →Brief |
| Luxembourg (LU) | Europe | Amber | At EU level, a tax-transparency directive (DAC8) compels crypto-asset service providers to report transactions involving EU residents, applicable to CSSF-authorised CASPs operating from Luxembourg.… | Profile →Brief |
| Macau SAR, China (MO) | Asia-Pacific | Red | No AMCM or Macau Finance Bureau (DSF) guidance specific to the tax treatment of crypto-asset gains, income, VAT/GST-equivalent consumption tax, withholding, or reporting obligations was identified in… | Profile →Brief |
| Maine, USA (US-ME) | Americas | Amber | No Maine-specific statute addressing the tax treatment of digital assets has been identified. Maine individual income tax generally conforms to federal adjusted gross income, so federal capital-gains… | Profile →Brief |
| Malaysia (MY) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | No Malaysia-specific Inland Revenue Board (LHDN) guidance on the tax treatment of cryptocurrency transactions (capital gains, income tax characterisation of trading/staking/mining, VAT/GST… | Profile →Brief |
| Malta (MT) | Europe | Amber | No bespoke crypto-asset capital-gains or income-tax statute was identified for Malta in this research pass; crypto transactions are understood to fall under the general Income Tax Act, with treatment… | Profile →Brief |
| Marshall Islands (MH) | Asia-Pacific | Green | The Marshall Islands operates a well-documented tax-exemption regime for its offshore corporate sector, confirmed by FATF's November 2024 mutual evaluation and multiple SEC EDGAR filings. Resident… | Profile →Brief |
| Maryland, USA (US-MD) | Americas | Amber | Maryland has not enacted crypto-specific tax statutes and is understood to follow the federal characterisation of virtual currency as property for income tax purposes, since Maryland's income tax… | Profile →Brief |
| Massachusetts, USA (US-MA) | Americas | Amber | Massachusetts personal income tax conforms to the federal characterization of digital assets as property, meaning dispositions generally trigger capital gains or loss recognition; no Massachusetts… | Profile →Brief |
| Mexico (MX) | Americas | Red | No crypto-specific Mexican tax statute or SAT (Servicio de Administración Tributaria) ruling was located during this research pass covering capital gains, income tax, VAT/IVA, withholding, or… | Profile →Brief |
| Michigan, USA (US-MI) | Americas | Amber | Michigan personal and corporate income tax generally conforms to the federal tax base. At the federal level, virtual currency is treated as property (not currency) for federal tax purposes per… | Profile →Brief |
| Minnesota, USA (US-MN) | Americas | Amber | No Minnesota-specific statute or Department of Revenue guidance on crypto-asset taxation was identified in this pass. Minnesota individual income tax generally conforms its base to federal adjusted… | Profile →Brief |
| Mississippi, USA (US-MS) | Americas | Green | Mississippi taxpayers are subject to the federal IRS treatment of virtual currency as property, generating capital-gains or ordinary-income tax events on disposition, receipt of mining/staking… | Profile →Brief |
| Missouri, USA (US-MO) | Americas | Amber | No Missouri-specific statute altering the treatment of cryptocurrency for state tax purposes was identified in this pass. Missouri state income tax is generally understood to follow federal… | Profile →Brief |
| Montana, USA (US-MT) | Americas | Amber | Montana has no crypto-specific tax statute. Crypto tax treatment follows the federal IRS position that convertible virtual currency is property (not currency), which flows through to Montana's state… | Profile →Brief |
| Morocco (MA) | Africa | Amber | A 2022 DGI (Direction Générale des Impôts) circular reportedly classifies cryptocurrencies as intangible assets for tax purposes, applying a 20% capital-gains rate on disposals and treating mining… | Profile →Brief |
| Mozambique (MZ) | Africa | Red | No crypto-asset-specific tax legislation or guidance has been located from Mozambican tax authorities. General provisions on capital gains, income tax, VAT, and withholding have not been confirmed to… | Profile →Brief |
| Myanmar (MM) | Asia-Pacific | Red | No Myanmar tax statute, Internal Revenue Department circular, or CBM guidance specifically addressing the tax treatment (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting obligations) of… | Profile →Brief |
| Nebraska, USA (US-NE) | Americas | Amber | Nebraska has not enacted a crypto-specific tax statute. Nebraska's individual income tax base begins from federal adjusted gross income, so the federal treatment of virtual currency as property (IRS… | Profile →Brief |
| Nepal (NP) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | No dedicated crypto tax framework (capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding or reporting obligation specific to virtual assets) could be located for Nepal. Given the blanket prohibition on… | Profile →Brief |
| Netherlands (NL) | Europe | Amber | Netherlands taxes individual crypto holdings as wealth under the Box 3 'sparen en beleggen' deemed-return mechanism rather than a realised capital-gains tax, while crypto obtained through business… | Profile →Brief |
| Nevada, USA (US-NV) | Americas | Amber | Nevada research did not surface a dedicated state-level statute or Department of Taxation guidance specifically addressing crypto-asset income tax, capital gains, VAT/sales tax, withholding, or… | Profile →Brief |
| New Brunswick, Canada (CA-NB) | Americas | Amber | Crypto taxation in New Brunswick follows the federal Income Tax Act as administered by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA); there is no separate NB provincial crypto tax regime. Crypto assets are treated… | Profile →Brief |
| New Hampshire, USA (US-NH) | Americas | Green | New Hampshire has no general personal income tax and no capital gains tax, positioning it favorably for crypto investors; the state also has no general sales/use tax applicable to crypto… | Profile →Brief |
| New Jersey, USA (US-NJ) | Americas | Amber | No New Jersey Division of Taxation-specific bulletin or technical guidance on virtual-currency taxation (capital gains, income tax, sales/use tax, or reporting) was located in this research pass… | Profile →Brief |
| New Mexico, USA (US-NM) | Americas | Amber | Federal tax treatment of crypto assets as property, with capital-gains and ordinary-income consequences depending on the transaction type, applies to New Mexico taxpayers. No New Mexico-specific… | Profile →Brief |
| New Zealand (NZ) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | IRD treats cryptoassets generally as property for income tax purposes, and has confirmed that employees may lawfully be paid salaries in crypto-assets under section RD 3 of the Income Tax Act… | Profile →Brief |
| Nigeria (NG) | Africa | Red | Nigeria has no finalised crypto-specific tax law in force as of the dispatch date. FIRS signalled intent in mid-2024 to bring enabling legislation to parliament, but no primary confirmation of… | Profile →Brief |
| North Carolina, USA (US-NC) | Americas | Amber | No North Carolina Department of Revenue guidance specific to crypto-asset income or capital-gains treatment was located in this research pass; NC income tax generally conforms to federal adjusted… | Profile →Brief |
| North Dakota, USA (US-ND) | Americas | Amber | North Dakota follows federal tax treatment of cryptocurrency as property for income tax purposes, with no ND-specific crypto tax statute identified. The IRS treats cryptocurrency as property, making… | Profile →Brief |
| Norway (NO) | Europe | Amber | Skatteetaten (the Norwegian Tax Administration) is known to actively track crypto-asset holders for tax-compliance purposes, but a directly citable Skatteetaten primary-source publication specifying… | Profile →Brief |
| Ohio, USA (US-OH) | Americas | Amber | Ohio has no currently enacted crypto-specific tax statute. Ohio previously permitted businesses to remit state taxes in bitcoin via the OhioCrypto.com program launched in late 2018, but the program… | Profile →Brief |
| Oklahoma, USA (US-OK) | Americas | Amber | Oklahoma's HB 3594 (2024) provides a state-level tax-neutrality protection barring any extra tax imposed solely because a purchase is made using a digital asset as the payment method. Federal-level… | Profile →Brief |
| Ontario, Canada (CA-ON) | Americas | Green | The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) treats crypto assets as property for federal income tax purposes: transactions can be taxed as barter transactions (crypto used to pay for goods/services) or as… | Profile →Brief |
| Oregon, USA (US-OR) | Americas | Amber | No Oregon-specific virtual-currency tax guidance was identified in this research pass. Oregon personal income tax generally starts from federal taxable income, so the federal property… | Profile →Brief |
| Pakistan (PK) | Asia-Pacific | Red | No Pakistan-specific statutory guidance on the income-tax, capital-gains, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting treatment of virtual-asset transactions was located in Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) or… | Profile →Brief |
| Palau (PW) | Asia-Pacific | Red | No Palau-specific crypto tax statute (capital gains, income, VAT/GST, withholding, reporting) has been identified. A commercial partner of Palau's digital-residency programme has advertised a '0% tax… | Profile →Brief |
| Panama (PA) | Americas | Amber | Panama operates a territorial tax system under which tax rules apply only within Panamanian territory (Código Tributario, Artículo 15), so foreign-source income is generally outside the scope of… | Profile →Brief |
| Pennsylvania, USA (US-PA) | Americas | Amber | Pennsylvania has not enacted crypto-specific tax legislation; digital assets are taxed under general state personal income tax rules layered on top of the federal property-based tax treatment (IRS… | Profile →Brief |
| Peru (PE) | Americas | Red | No crypto-specific tax statute or SUNAT ruling was located during this pass. By default, general income tax law (Ley del Impuesto a la Renta) would presumptively apply to gains and income involving… | Profile →Brief |
| Philippines (PH) | Asia-Pacific | Red | No dedicated Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) issuance specifically classifying the income-tax, capital-gains, VAT, or withholding treatment of crypto-assets has been confirmed via primary source.… | Profile →Brief |
| Poland (PL) | Europe | Amber | Crypto taxation in the EU, including Poland, remains a member-state competence not harmonized by MiCA. VAT treatment of currency-like crypto exchange in the EU follows the CJEU's Hedqvist line of… | Profile →Brief |
| Portugal (PT) | Europe | Amber | Portugal ended its historical zero-tax treatment of individual crypto gains via the 2023 State Budget, introducing a 28% capital gains tax on crypto-assets held under 365 days (gains on longer… | Profile →Brief |
| Qatar (QA) | Middle East | Red | Qatar-specific crypto tax guidance was not located. The only sourced material is the general QFC tax regime (10% standard corporate tax rate, exemption for capital gains on disposal of shareholdings… | Profile →Brief |
| Quebec, Canada (CA-QC) | Americas | Amber | The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) treats crypto-asset transactions as taxable, applying capital-gains or business-income treatment depending on activity, applicable to Quebec taxpayers alongside their… | Profile →Brief |
| Rhode Island, USA (US-RI) | Americas | Amber | Rhode Island has no bespoke crypto tax statute; crypto tax treatment flows from federal law. The IRS (Notice 2014-21) treats virtual currency as property for federal tax purposes, so dispositions… | Profile →Brief |
| Romania (RO) | Europe | Amber | Romania enacted national legislation transposing the OECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) and EU DAC8 obligations into its Fiscal Procedure Code, published in Monitorul Oficial Partea I, Nr.… | Profile →Brief |
| Russia (RU) | Europe | Green | A dedicated crypto tax regime became effective from 1 January 2025: mining/trading income is taxed at a progressive personal-income-tax-style rate (13% up to a ₽2.4 million annual threshold, 15%… | Profile →Brief |
| Rwanda (RW) | Africa | Red | No crypto-specific tax statute or Rwanda Revenue Authority (RRA) guidance on capital gains, income tax, VAT or withholding treatment of virtual asset transactions was identified as of the research… | Profile →Brief |
| Saudi Arabia (SA) | Middle East | Amber | No crypto-specific tax guidance from Saudi tax authorities has been identified. Saudi Arabia does not levy personal income tax on individuals generally; Zakat applies to Saudi/GCC-national-owned… | Profile →Brief |
| Senegal (SN) | Africa | Amber | Senegal has no dedicated crypto-asset tax provision. Secondary industry analysis indicates the DGID applies the securities capital-gains regime to crypto disposals by analogy, but this has not been… | Profile →Brief |
| Serbia (RS) | Europe | Red | A crypto-specific tax framework (rates, capital-gains mechanics, income characterisation for mining/staking, VAT/withholding treatment) was not independently confirmed against a Tier-1 Serbian… | Profile →Brief |
| Seychelles (SC) | Africa | Amber | Seychelles operates a broadly territorial tax system. Company disclosures filed with the US SEC state that Seychelles-incorporated entities are generally not subject to Seychelles tax on income… | Profile →Brief |
| Singapore (SG) | Asia-Pacific | Green | IRAS treats digital payment tokens as intangible property rather than currency: DPT-for-goods/services use and DPT-for-fiat/DPT exchange are GST-exempt since 1 January 2020 (stablecoins pegged to… | Profile →Brief |
| Slovakia (SK) | Europe | Amber | Slovakia amended its Income Tax Act in 2023 to introduce a preferential 7% tax rate on gains from the sale of virtual currency held for more than one year prior to disposal; gains on virtual currency… | Profile →Brief |
| Slovenia (SI) | Europe | Amber | Historically, Slovenia did not levy personal income/capital gains tax on individuals' crypto disposal gains (per a 2013 Ministry of Finance clarification), taxing only bitcoin-mining and… | Profile →Brief |
| South Africa (ZA) | Africa | Amber | SARS applies South Africa's existing general tax framework to crypto assets rather than a bespoke crypto tax code: crypto-related receipts may be taxed as normal income or subject to capital gains… | Profile →Brief |
| South Carolina, USA (US-SC) | Americas | Green | S.163 exempts cryptocurrency used as a means of payment from any additional state or local tax, withholding, assessment, or charge in South Carolina, beyond what would apply to an equivalent… | Profile →Brief |
| South Dakota, USA (US-SD) | Americas | Green | South Dakota levies no state personal income tax, so crypto-related gains and income are not subject to state-level income or capital-gains taxation; federal IRS treatment of virtual currency as… | Profile →Brief |
| South Korea (KR) | Asia-Pacific | Amber | Crypto gains are scheduled to be taxed as 'other income' (not capital gains) at 20% national tax (22% including local tax) above a 2.5 million won annual deduction, effective January 1, 2027, after… | Profile →Brief |
| Spain (ES) | Europe | Amber | Crypto-asset taxation in Spain combines general IRPF (personal income tax) capital-gains treatment with informational foreign-asset reporting obligations (historically Modelo 720, understood to have… | Profile →Brief |
| Sri Lanka (LK) | Asia-Pacific | Red | No crypto-specific tax guidance from Sri Lanka's Inland Revenue Department (IRD) was identified. General Inland Revenue Act provisions may in principle apply to crypto-related income or gains, but no… | Profile →Brief |
| Sweden (SE) | Europe | Amber | Sweden's Skatteverket treats individual crypto-asset gains as capital income under the Swedish Income Tax Act (Inkomstskattelagen), following an early classification of bitcoin akin to antiques or… | Profile →Brief |
| Switzerland (CH) | Europe | Amber | Switzerland is identified among a small group of jurisdictions with specific guidance addressing income tax treatment of staking rewards (in addition to mining income). Separately, at cantonal level… | Profile →Brief |
| Taiwan (TW) | Asia-Pacific | Red | No Taiwan-specific primary-source statute or FSC/Ministry of Finance circular addressing crypto-asset capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, or crypto-specific reporting obligations was… | Profile →Brief |
| Tanzania (TZ) | Africa | Red | No Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) guidance specifically addressing taxation of crypto-asset gains, income, VAT or reporting obligations has been identified. BOT's own internal analysis has flagged… | Profile →Brief |
| Tennessee, USA (US-TN) | Americas | Green | Tennessee is one of the U.S. states with no state personal income tax, meaning no state-level capital gains tax applies to individual crypto-asset gains; state tax exposure on crypto transactions is… | Profile →Brief |
| Texas, USA (US-TX) | Americas | Amber | No Texas-specific statute or Comptroller guidance on crypto sales/use tax or state income taxation of digital assets was identified in this pass; Texas levies no state personal income tax, so… | Profile →Brief |
| Thailand (TH) | Asia-Pacific | Green | Thailand has progressively liberalized crypto taxation: a 7% VAT exemption on crypto trading gains has applied since January 2024 without a stated expiry, personal-income-tax exemption for… | Profile →Brief |
| Trinidad and Tobago (TT) | Caribbean | Red | No guidance from the TT Board of Inland Revenue / Inland Revenue Division specifically addressing the taxation of crypto-asset transactions (capital gains, income characterisation, VAT/GST treatment… | Profile →Brief |
| Tunisia (TN) | Africa | Amber | No dedicated Tunisian tax code provisions addressing capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding, or reporting obligations specific to crypto-asset transactions were identified in available… | Profile →Brief |
| Turkey (TR) | Europe | Amber | Turkey has no general crypto capital-gains or transaction tax confirmed in force as of the research date. A March 2026 bill before the Turkish Grand National Assembly would introduce a 10% quarterly… | Profile →Brief |
| Uganda (UG) | Africa | Amber | Uganda's Income Tax Act imposes capital gains tax only on disposal of business assets and shares held by individuals in private limited companies; no crypto-specific capital gains, income tax… | Profile →Brief |
| Ukraine (UA) | Europe | Red | Crypto taxation in Ukraine remains unenacted. The 2022 Law on Virtual Assets explicitly cannot take effect until Tax Code amendments specifying virtual-asset taxation are passed, and this has not… | Profile →Brief |
| United Arab Emirates (AE) | Middle East | Amber | The UAE Federal Tax Authority exempted crypto transactions (transfer and conversion) from the 5% VAT, effective November 15, 2024, applied retrospectively to January 1, 2018. The UAE is separately… | Profile →Brief |
| United Kingdom (UK) | Europe | Amber | CGT treatment of crypto disposals (18%/24%) is settled and in force. A 'no gain, no loss' deferral for crypto lending/liquidity-pool disposals is enacted for 6 April 2027, affecting an estimated… | Profile →Brief |
| United States (US) | Americas | Green | The IRS has implemented Form 1099-DA broker reporting for digital asset dispositions, beginning with gross-proceeds-only reporting for 2025 transactions (issued Feb 2026) and expanding to cost-basis… | Profile →Brief |
| United States — California (US-CA) | Americas | Amber | California's tax treatment of crypto follows the federal IRS property-characterization framework via general state conformity: crypto sales and exchanges are taxable events, and new IRS Form 1099-DA… | Profile →Brief |
| United States — New York (US-NY) | Americas | Green | The New York State Department of Taxation and Finance has, since a December 2014 guidance memorandum, treated convertible virtual currency as intangible property for state tax purposes, conforming… | Profile →Brief |
| Uruguay (UY) | Americas | Red | No crypto-specific tax instrument (IRAE, IRPF, VAT/IVA, withholding, or crypto-specific reporting obligation) issued by Uruguay's Dirección General Impositiva (DGI) or Ministry of Economy and Finance… | Profile →Brief |
| Utah, USA (US-UT) | Americas | Green | Utah has no crypto-specific income-tax rules. Utah individual income tax starts from federal adjusted gross income (Utah Code 59-10-103 adopts the Internal Revenue Code section 62 definition), so the… | Profile →Brief |
| Vanuatu (VU) | Asia-Pacific | Green | Vanuatu levies no income tax, capital gains tax, or withholding tax on companies, trusts, or individuals (crypto gains included by extension, since no crypto-specific carve-out exists), though… | Profile →Brief |
| Venezuela (VE) | Americas | Red | No crypto-specific capital gains, income tax, VAT/GST, withholding or reporting-obligation rule issued by SENIAT (Venezuela's national tax administration) has been located in this research pass.… | Profile →Brief |
| Vermont, USA (US-VT) | Americas | Amber | No Vermont-specific crypto tax statute exists; federal characterisation of virtual currency as property for tax purposes governs the computation of gains, losses and ordinary income, which flows… | Profile →Brief |
| Vietnam (VN) | Asia-Pacific | Red | The Digital Technology Industry Law introduces tax exemptions and incentives targeted at blockchain startups and digital-infrastructure developers, but Vietnam does not yet have a confirmed… | Profile →Brief |
| Virginia, USA (US-VA) | Americas | Amber | Federal tax treatment of virtual currency as property (IRS Notice 2014-21) underlies U.S. taxation of crypto transactions, including in Virginia. Beginning tax year 2025, crypto brokers must issue… | Profile →Brief |
| Washington State, USA (US-WA) | Americas | Amber | Washington State levies no general state personal income tax, so cryptocurrency capital gains are not subject to a Washington-specific state income tax layer (federal IRS treatment of digital assets… | Profile →Brief |
| West Virginia, USA (US-WV) | Americas | Amber | No West Virginia-specific crypto tax statute has been identified. Federal tax treatment (IRS: crypto as property, subject to capital-gains recognition on disposition, and new broker Form 1099-DA… | Profile →Brief |
| Wisconsin, USA (US-WI) | Americas | Amber | Wisconsin's crypto tax treatment is expected to follow the federal income-tax baseline (crypto as property, capital-gains treatment on disposition) because Wisconsin's individual income tax generally… | Profile →Brief |
| Wyoming, USA (US-WY) | Americas | Green | Wyoming levies no state personal or corporate income tax, so crypto-related income and gains follow federal tax treatment only (property characterization per IRS guidance). Separately, Wyoming has… | Profile →Brief |
| Zambia (ZM) | Africa | Amber | No crypto-specific tax guidance, ruling or reporting obligation from the Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA) was located in this research pass. Absent an express carve-out, general income-tax and… | Profile →Brief |